In 1741, after five years' schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager. In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from Thornaby-on-Tees. James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 ( NS) in the village of Marton in the North Riding of Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November (N.S.) in the parish church of St Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register. Whilst there is controversy over Cook's role as an enabler of British colonialism and the violence associated with his contacts with indigenous peoples, he left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. In 1779, during Cook's third exploratory voyage in the Pacific, tensions escalated between his men and the natives of Hawaiʻi, leading to Cook's death during his attempt to kidnap the island's ruling chief. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions. He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously charted by Western explorers. In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1768 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.Ĭook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. James Cook FRS (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 17 in the Pacific Ocean and to New Zealand and Australia in particular.
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